How is gold formed?

[merehan]

Scientists believe that all the gold on Earth was formed in the collision of supernovae and neutron stars that occurred before the formation of the solar system. In these events, gold formed during the r process.
Gold sank into the Earth's core during the formation of the planet. It is only accessible today due to the bombardment of asteroids.

In theory, it is possible to create gold through the nuclear processes of fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. It is easier for scientists to convert gold by bombarding the heavier element mercury and produce gold by decomposition.

Gold cannot be produced by chemistry or chemistry. Chemical reactions cannot change the number of protons inside an atom. The number of the proton or the atomic number determines the identity of the element.

READ MORE:JOY STAR NECKLACE

natural gold formation
While nuclear fusion within the Sun makes many elements, the Sun cannot manufacture gold. The large energy required to make gold only occurs when stars explode in a supernova or when neutron stars collide. Under these extreme conditions, heavy elements are formed via the fast neutron capture process or the r process.

Where is the gold?
All the gold on Earth came from the debris of dead stars. When the Earth formed, heavy elements such as iron and gold sank toward the planet's core. If no other event occurred, there would be no gold in the Earth's crust. But, about 4 billion years ago, the Earth was bombarded by an asteroid collision. These impacts stirred up the deeper layers of the planet and forced some of the gold into the mantle and crust.

Some gold can be found in rock ores. It occurs as flakes, as a pure parent element, and with silver in the natural alloy electrum. Corrosion releases gold from other metals. Because gold is heavy, it sinks and accumulates in riverbeds, placer deposits, and the ocean.

Earthquakes play an important role, as the variable fault rapidly decompresses mineral-rich waters. As the water evaporates, veins of quartz and gold are deposited on the rock surfaces. A similar process occurs inside volcanoes.

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What is the amount of gold in the world?
The amount of gold mined from the earth is a tiny fraction of its total mass. In 2016, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated production of 5,726,000,000 troy ounces or 196,320 US tons since the dawn of civilization. About 85% of this gold remains in circulation. Because gold is so dense (19.32 grams per cubic centimeter), it doesn't take up much space for its mass. In fact, if you melt all the gold mined so far, you'll end up with a cube about 60 feet wide!

However, gold accounts for a few parts per billion by the mass of the Earth's crust. While it is not economically feasible to extract a lot of gold, there are about a million tons of gold in the top kilometer of the Earth's surface. The abundance of gold in the mantle and core is unknown, but it far exceeds the amount in the crust.

collecting gold element
Alchemists' attempts to turn lead (or other elements) into gold were unsuccessful because no chemical reaction can change one element into another. Chemical reactions involve the transfer of electrons between elements, which may produce different ions of an element, but the number of protons in an atom's nucleus is what determines its element. All atoms of gold have 79 protons, so the atomic number of gold is 79.

Making gold is not as simple as adding or subtracting protons directly from other elements. The most common way to change one element into another (transformation) is to add neutrons to another element. Neutrons change an element's isotope, which can make atoms unstable enough to disintegrate through radioactive decay.

Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka made gold for the first time by bombarding mercury with neutrons in 1924. And while turning mercury into gold is easier, gold can be made from other elements - even lead! Soviet scientists accidentally converted a nuclear reactor's lead shield into gold in 1972 and Glenn Seaboard converted a trace of gold from lead in 1980.

Thermonuclear explosions produce neutron pickups similar to the r process in stars. While such events are not a practical way to manufacture gold, nuclear testing has led to the discovery of the heavy elements einsteinium (atomic number 99) and fermium (atomic number 100).

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